The Failure of Democracy in Germany in the Period 1928 to...

The Failure of Democracy in Germany in the Period 1928 to 1934 Those in power in Weimar Germany so consistently mishandled the political and economic situation leading up to the period 1928-1934, that a well-structured challenge from the Nazi Party brought about the fall of democracy. This Nazi Party was stronger ideologically, structurally within the party and politically, with Hitler as Fuhrer a major factor himself. In addition, factions within Germany for whom a right-wing political system was more beneficial, such as the army and big business, aided the eventual change in governance. Thus a series of events occurred which can be summarised by these three main factors: failure of the Weimar†¦show more content†¦Third, the false Golden Age of economic prosperity created by the Dawes (1924) and Young (1929) Plans and resulting loans from the US Government the during the 1920s had come to a close as the Great Depression hit, and unemployment rose to over 6 million in Germany. Yet, the Weimar Government has survived the hyperinflatio n of the early 1920s, and therefore it is easy to over-estimate to impact of the Great Depression on the failure of democracy. The economic situation did help to draw more voters towards the fringe parties, and create an atmosphere more willing to foster extremist views as the Weimar Government was seen as weak and unable to cope with Germany’s problems. Thus, the first major factor attributing to the downfall of democracy in Germany was the preceding failure of the Weimar Government politically, structurally, and economically to take a firm hold over Germany. The Nazi Party’s strength in three main areas allowed it to precipitate the failure of democracy in Germany. Ideologically, structurally and politically the Nazi party was superior to the Weimar Democracy especially in the period 1928-1934. Ideologically, historian Hans Mommson claims the Nazi Party was a â€Å"catch all party† in that the party’s nationalistic, socialist and racist policiesShow MoreRelatedAccount for the responses of the European democracies to the military aggression by Italy and Germany during the 1930s.1547 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean governmental chaos and political turmoil was widespread. A famous quote by FDR at his First Inaugural Address was, â€Å"Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself† came to mind when thinking of most European democracies position’s when it came to the military aggression by Italy and Germany. However, it is easy to understand why they would make concessions, albeit short-lived, rather than run the risk of another World War and all of the noxious energy that comes with it. On the other hand, to trustRead MoreWhy Did the League of Nations Fail?14508 Words   |  59 Pagesinstability of the interwar period and the rise of authoritarian regimes are often seen as extensions of World War I and the Great Depression. The League of Nations, in turn, is usually seen as an organization that failed to act adequately during the various political crises of the period, beginning with the Japanese aggression in Manchuria. But, I would argue that its failure has to be seen in the larger context of the failed disarmament processes of the inte rwar period. Why did the League of NationsRead More Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler’s Rise to Power2956 Words   |  12 PagesFailure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler’s Rise to Power German history is seen as a ‘painful issue for thousands of Germans and other Europeans’ . However it has interested many historians over the years into inquiring how and why Hitler came to power and how much of this was to do with the failure of parliamentary democracy in Germany. To fully ascertain to what extent these events have in common and what reasons led to the fall of democracy and rise of the Nazis, each haveRead More The German Economy and Societal Change: 1890-1991 Essay1822 Words   |  8 Pagescentral to change regarding the development of Germany over the whole period, 1890-1991. I will consider the German economy under the Kaiser in accordance with World War 1, during Hyperinflation under the Weimar Republic in 1923, in Nazi Germany under Hitler and in East and West Germany leading to the building of the Berlin Wall. It appears that the German economy to a large degree has been exceedingly central to change in the country over this entire period. It is evident though that the economy itselfRead MoreThe Great Depression And Economic Depression1802 Words   |  8 Pagesagain. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April. This was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered severe losses in the stock market the previous year, cut back their expenditures by 10%. Likewise, beginning in mid-1930 s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartlandRead MoreDiscussion on Whether Stalin Was a Necessary Evil Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagesrebellions, improve agricultural production, encourage trade and industry and end the desperate famine. Russia moved away from the principle of centralised government control but still by 1928 production levels barely approached pre war levels. Lenins death in 1924 began a period of debate over the direction the Revolution should take. Since Lenin gave no directions as to how the Soviet Union should move on from the NEP or how long it should last, similar to the situationRead MoreThe Ideas Of Einstein And Freud3893 Words   |  16 PagesFreud. In this uncertain time period, many thinkers also turned to the philosophy of existentialism. This stated that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person creates his or her own meaning by the choices they make and the actions that they take. Headed by philosopher Jan Paul Sartre, the existentialists were soon influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and his views. In the 1880s, Nietzsche had written that Western ideas like reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people’sRead MoreThe Rise and Rule of Single-Party States7795 Words   |  32 PagesThe Rise and Rule of single-party States Contents1 The Rise and Rule of Single-party States * 1.1 The Emergence of single party states in Europe after 1917 * 1.2 China- Mao Zedong * 1.3 Italy- Benito Mussolini * 1.4 Germany- Adolf Hitler * 1.5 Russia- Josef Stalin * 1.6 Cuba- Fidel Castro | Introduction * The 20th century produced many single-party states. The origins, ideology, form of government, organization, nature, and impact of these should be studiedRead MoreEssay about British Middle East Policy in the Late 1930s3295 Words   |  14 PagesBritain as their protector and their friend. They were forced to look the other way for protection, to a country, which also sees Jews as a major problem, and is willing to cooperate with the Arabs both economically and politically. This country was Germany. The British were on the verge of losing all control in the Middle East. By the late 1930s, the British in an attempt to hold on the Arab-British relationship before the perceived second world war, change their policies in the Middle East; and startedRead MoreIb History Rise of the Single State Parties6245 Words   |  25 PagesConference 01/25/1919 ââ€"  Wilson’s 14 points 01/08/1918 ââ€"‹ self determination ââ€"  Germany accepted 14 points on 10/23/1918 ââ€"  World War I armistice 11/11/1918 ââ€"  Delegations ââ€"‹ Woodrow Wilson (US) - neutral, wanted to make peace, reductions of arms, no secret diplomacy ââ€"‹ Georges Clemenceau (France) - hated Germany ââ€"‹ David Lloyd George (GB) - allow Germany to recover the trade route ââ€"‹ Vittorio Orlando (Italy) ââ€"‹ Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau (Germany) ââ€"  League of Nations established 02/14/1919 ââ€"‹ Self-determination: Saar

Intercultural Relationships Remain An Enduring And A...

Intercultural relationships remain an enduring and a fundamental necessity within the lives of young people. The group comprising of Alven, Antanita and oneself provided a lesson plan for a culturally diverse, co-educational class of year eleven students. It was the intent of the lesson to foster and promote the positive perceptions that the children had already gained through the appreciation of cultural diversity. The aim was for students to develop and open-minded approach to accept other cultural beliefs and practices, and thus, avoiding a judgmental approach falling within a stereotypical view. This allows the students to digress from a narrow-minded perspective and adopt an observational as well as a highly informed and non†¦show more content†¦However, this class was linked to year eleven, comprising of 16 and 17 year olds. This gave rise to considerable discussion, as the group believed that the ideal time to learn values is more appropriate during adolescence, suc h as years seven or eight. After a considerable reflection it was deduced that to a degree it is true that in partying knowledge and values upon younger students is both more effective and easier, as at this age they are more impressionable and accepting of new ideals. However, learning is not a an end product and the intent of the lesson was more about nurturing the ideas that the students have already subconsciously gained, whilst aiming to foster and enhance these values, in order for them to emerge consciously enriched. The teachings of Sankey and Kim (2013) under the umbrella of the Dynamic System Theory greatly influenced these decisions, were they stress a non linear and highly variable process of development, and thus, signifying an older age group does not quantify the need to disenfranchise themselves from moral development. The makeup of the lesson was divided into two interrelated activities that were designed towards the developmental needs of the students as well as the importance of multicultural relations. The activities also did not shun away from their own significant pedagogical issues, specifically deducing ways in which to achieve an

Innocentive free essay sample

1) Why would firms use InnoCentive’s service to solve scientific and technical problems? InnoCentive is a so-called innovation marketplace founded in 2000 that connected Seeker firms posing scientific problems (Challenges) with a community of more than 285,000 Solvers who submitted solutions. By joining InnoCentives open innovation revolution, Seeker firms institution increases their RD capacity while reducing the risk and cost associated with research failure. Essentially, Seekers pay for solutions, not work, failure, trial and error. This is possible thanks to the three main paradigms which characterize InnoCentive: open innovation, crowdsourcing, and prize-based competition. In particular, the first two concepts are strictly related to Seekers’ decision to use InnoCentives service to face the Challenge-solving problem. The first main idea behind InnoCentive is open innovation and its power. The open innovation paradigm can be understood as the antithesis of the traditional vertical integration model where internal RD activities lead to internally developed products that are then distributed by the firm. We will write a custom essay sample on Innocentive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Open innovation assumes that firms can and should use external as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, in order to generate additional value for the firm. This paradigm considers RD an open system. From this point of view the fundamental role played by InnoCentive is to provide an innovation marketplace where Seekers (such as progressive, innovation-driven companies, government agencies and non-profit organizations) can find the right solutions to their tough business and RD problems. Strictly connected to this important aspect, there is the second main concept: crowdsourcing. It indicates a type of participative online activity in which an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals (the Solvers) the voluntary undertaking of a task. These Solvers are people belonging to different fields and with different backgrounds (academics, students, consultants, etc.) and, thanks to this heterogeneity, Seekers can obtain a wider set of solutions. In this way, solutions and innovations come also from unexpected fields of knowledge that were not taken into account before. Crowdsourcing is different from an ordinary outsourcing since the task or problem is outsourced to an undefined, public group rather than to a specific, named one; in this way it underlines the power of crowd to make the difference. The undertaking of the task, whose complexity can vary and in which the crowd should participate bringing its work, knowledge and experience, entails mutual benefit. In particular, as far as the crowdsourcer is concerned, the Seeker will obtain and use to its advantage the solution found by the Solver. For all of the solutions found, InnoCentive provides ongoing support, coaching and training. The aim of InnoCentive is to achieve a measurable innovation providing faster, less risky and richer solutions, while ensuring that companies remain competitive earning their profits and continuing to grow. 2) What is the motivation for Solvers to participate in InnoCentive? The first and most evident motivation is the monetary reward that the Seekers offer to the Solver that provides the best solution to their problem. What is important to notice is that among the different Solvers of InnoCentive we don’t find just students or retirees but they represent diverse fields and included private-sector participants, academics and consultants. This fact let us understand that there must be also an intrinsic motivation that pushes people to spend their time and to put their efforts in searching for solutions for problems of unknown Seekers. Dr. Konjeti and D. Tracy, two top InnoCentive Solvers, have been interviewed and they have explained what has convinced them to join InnoCentive. Initially both were worried and skeptical about the concept of the firm. Konjeti thought he could lose his intellectual property rights if his idea for a problem was not chosen for the winning solution. The same was also for Tracy who believed that the InnoCentive approach was not the right one for him. At the end they have decided to join InnoCentive because the anonymity is considered inviolable for the company. Solvers are kept anonymous, so they do not know who else is working on the same challenge, how many solutions have been submitted and also they do not know the identity of the Seeker. The condition of anonymity is important because it permits an objective and free from bias evaluation and judgement of the solutions by the Seeker. Also Solvers work completely independently, they choose on their own the challenge they prefer to work on and if to present a solution or not. Moreover the organization has decided that Seekers have to sign a contract about the transfer of intellectual Property. Only the Solver whose solution has been accepted and have received the reward must transfer all the IP rights to the Seeker. Regarding all the proposals, the Seekers relinquish any rights to use in any future work the information provided in the submission of a solution that was not accepted. These security measures taken by InnoCentive are not the only reason that brought Dr. Konjeti and Tracy to become Solvers of the organization but as they said there is another intrinsic motivation, probably the most important one: the personal satisfaction and gratification coming from the activity of solving other’s difficult problems. In fact these challenges stimulate the passion and curiosity of experts such as Tracy and Konjeti. We can summarize these key concepts with the words of David Tracy :the challenge of attacking novel real problems and the prospect of actually getting paid for doing so was highly attractive. 3) What kinds of problems are appropriate for Broadcast Search? A wide range of Problems can be solved using the Broadcast search. The Main reason is that InnoCentive takes problems from (Paying) Companies, called Seekers, and reformulates those problems in an understandable way for the Solvers (which are like employees to InnoCentive). Reformulating tangible problems into challenges allow every kind of problem to be solved. For example for Practical problems you have the RTP Challenges, than you have Theoretical Challenges for problems that require theoretical solutions, and you also have Brainstorm challenges and Grand challenges, aimed to solve difficult problems belonging to the whole world (with a Money prize from 100 °000 $ to 1 °000 °000$). Usually firms use Broadcast Search when they have problems that are not directly solvable within the firm, maybe because their RD department does not have the appropriate knowledge. In fact, the main strength of the Broadcast Search is that lots of people (usually from 200 to 2000 for challenge) w ith different backgrounds, professional and personal experiences, work on the same challenge, so that problems are more likely to be solved. In relation to the advantages we have: More likelihood for the Solver to be â€Å"correct† and higher possibilities to receive the solution to a problem because of the high number of people who have the possibility to solve it. The speed at which the task is performed is high because it is possible to limit the time in which a task should be done. The cost of completing the task for InnoCentive is low because it has to pay only the best performer who has complete the task statement satisfactorily. On the other hand there are some problems regarding the Broadcast Search: â€Å"If I were given one hour to save the planet, I would spend 59 minutes defining the problem and one minute resolving it†, Albert Einstein said. Submitting a solution to a problem without dealing face to face with â€Å"customers† (in which the everyone’s needs, expectations and capabilities gradually become clear) can create some misunderstandings and this is the reason why the winner who has been picked can be only partially understood. People solve problems in a competitive way instead of in a cooperative one. In order to implement the cooperation among Solvers the idea would be to create â€Å"team project rooms† with the kinds of group-work tools like digital white boards, wikis, Voice over IP, shared file space and group/virtual meeting capabilities. This is not easy because it creates some doubts regarding for example the impact on deadlines or the number of people that ha ve to be involved in the solving process. 4) What are the trade-offs between chosing a market or a community for problem solving? The main problem of the organizations nowadays is that they do not have the ability to monopolize the knowledge in a given field. For this reason they have to choose whether to solve their problems in house with their own resources or to ask an external community of solvers for help. The main advantages of turning to a community for problem solving are: External innovators will explore innovation landscapes that are often unknown and unexpected by the organization that, in this way, is able to achieve higher quality solutions. The company is just rewarding the winning solution instead of paying people to produce ideas in house incurring the risk that they are not able to solve the problem efficiently. External innovation appears to be faster since the organization decides the deadlines of the submission of the solution. Instead of looking for solutions the organization has just to evaluate them. Assuming that the organization is inflexible and it is not able to change its culture it is better for it to achieve innovation through external communities. On the other hand the organization can have some worries such as: Core intellectual property (IP) might be compromised by working with outside innovators. Nevertheless, the advantages gained in terms of speed, quality, and cost of solution can typically outweigh such worries. Moreover, the firms can selectively revealing core issues in ways that their IP is protected. In a similar way there is concern about loss of secrecy but, in reality, the organizations know very well the strengths and weaknesses of their competitors. Instead of involving secrecy, firms should ask themselves: Why are we not more open about this issue?†. Good outcomes are not guaranteed and poor performing results are also likely. This happens because the organization is not in direct contact with external communities and so it cannot control the activities performed by them. The organization, when choosing a market or a community for problem solving, should take into account two aspects: 1) The nature of the innovation problem regarding the technologies. If these technologies are mature, they are available in the market and so the organization should work using its own resources. On the other side, if they are nascent they can be better developed through communities. 2) The motivation of the external innovators. If it is related only to the monetary reward, the firm should try to solve the problems by itself, on the other side if the main motivation is the satisfaction or curiosity, the organization should prefer the community approach.